Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2 percent and 2.1 percent by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most cost effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also less ductile. Though steel had been produced by various inefficient methods long before the Renaissance, its use became more common after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century. Steel is one of the most recycled materials in the world, and, as of 2007, more than 78 percent of steel was recycled in the United States. In the United States, it is the most widely recycled material; in 2000, more than 60 million metric tons were recycled. The most commonly recycled items are containers, automobiles, appliances, and construction materials. For example, in 2007, more than 97 percent of structural steel and 110 percent of automobiles were recycled, comparing the current steel consumption for each industry with the amount of recycled steel being produced. A typical appliance is about 75 percent steel by weight and automobiles are about 65 percent steel and iron. The steel industry has been actively recycling for more than 150 years, in large part because it is economically advantageous to do so. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the production process to form new steel. Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during the recycling process, and has drastically reduced energy and material requirements compared with refinement from iron ore. ? Uses & Applications Advantages of Stainless Steel Kitchenware and Houseware items:Corrosion Resistance: It gives protection against rust, Strength: Stainless steel has high tensile strength, excellent fatigue properties and good weld ability, Toughness and impact resistance: Stainless steel of certain grades has high toughness from elevated temperatures to sub zero temperatures, Formability: It is possible to bend and form different shapes, Heat resistance: Special high Chromium and Nickel alloyed grades resist high temperature and retain strength, Better aesthetic look: This is one single characteristic that scores over other materials, Low on maintenance: Stainless steel normally requires only a periodic wash with soap and water to maintain its original finish, Long term value: When the total life cycle costs are considered, stainless steel is often the least expensive material option available. Market Survey Under the dispensations of the government's Industrial Policy of the post liberalisation era, four steps changed the direction of the steel industry in India. These were (i) freedom to set up integrated steel plants in the private sector; (ii) placing imports of steel under OGL (open general licence); (iii) reduction of import duties on both steel and scrap; and (iv) decontrol of domestic prices. The comparative advantage of cheap and high quality iron ore and manganese, has been somewhat set off by the limited accessibility of the steel industry to the supply of coking coal. The adoption of the sponge iron route by the private sector integrated plants helped in circumventing the constraint, and at the same time, ushered in a technological revolution in the industry. As a result, India has come to enjoy a cost advantage compared to most countries. Not impressed by the Tenth Plan target of 38 mn tonnes (which was lower than 39 mn tonnes of the Ninth Plan), the Government of India had announced a new National Steel Policy in 2005. The policy aimed at achieving a production level of 110 mn tonnes in 2019 20, of which the domestic consumption was aimed to rise to 90 mn tonnes and exports to 26 mn tonnes. The industry was expected to register a CAGR of 7.3%, slightly higher than the 7% annual growth registered during the 15 year period ending 2004 05. According to a study carried out by the International Iron and Steel Institute, the demand in India is projected to a level of 180 mn tonnes by 2020. The domestic demand is based on the per capita consumption in the urban sector increasing from 77 kg to 165 kg in 2019 to 20 at an annual growth of 5%. Likewise the per capita consumption in rural areas was expected to rise from 2 kg per annum to 4 kg by the terminal year (a CAGR of 4.4%). India has one of the lowest consumption rate in the world around 33 kg per person to China's 200 kg, and South Korea's 900 kg. The thrust to an increased growth of over 7% is expected to be realised by a 13% annual increase in exports. Few Indian Major Players are as Under: A H W Steels Ltd. A S R Multimetals Pvt. Ltd. Aarti Steels Ltd. Adhunik Industries Ltd. Adhunik Power Transmission Ltd. Aditya Ispat Ltd. Arun Smelters Ltd. Ashiana Ispat Ltd. B S L Scaffolding Ltd. Balmukund Concast Ltd. Beekay Steel Inds. Ltd. Bhartia Commercial Co. Ltd. Chamundi Steel Castings (India) Ltd. Charminar Steels Ltd. Chase Bright Steel Ltd. Concast Ispat Ltd. Coromandel Steels Ltd. Deccan Alloys Pvt. Ltd. Delta Mechcons (India) Ltd. Dewas Metal Sections Ltd. Dhiraj Iron & Steel Ltd. Dina Iron & Steel Ltd. Divy Rollform Ltd. Dolphin Udyog Ltd. F A G Bearings India Ltd. G E I Power Ltd. G K Steel & Allied Inds. Ltd. Galaxy Bearings Ltd. Gangotri Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Goa Ispat Ltd. Golden Rathi Star Inds. Ltd. Goyal Ispat Ltd. Grand Bright Bars Ltd. Handum Industries Ltd. Handum Iron & Steel Enterprises Ltd. Hans Metals Ltd. I S M T Ltd. India Steel Works Ltd. Indian Bright Steel Co. Ltd. Indian Steel Rolling Mills Ltd. Indo Germa Products Ltd. Indore Steel & Iron Mills Ltd. Indus Smelters Ltd. Ispat Profiles India Ltd. Jai Balaji Inds. Ltd. Jai Raj Ispat Ltd. Juhi Alloys Ltd. K R Steelunion Ltd. Kamal Sponge Steel & Power Ltd. Kanishk Steel Inds. Ltd. Kishan Chand Ferro Steels Pvt. Ltd. Kundil Ispat Ltd. M S P Steel & Power Ltd. Madhusudan Special Sections Ltd. Magnum Steels Ltd. Mahamaya Steel Inds. Ltd. Mahavir Rolling Mill Ltd. Mahavir Steel Inds. Ltd. Mahindra Sona Ltd. Man Structurals Ltd. Met Rolla Steels Ltd. Modern Steels Ltd. National General Inds. Ltd. O P Steels Ltd. P M P Steel Rolling Mills (Madras) Ltd. Peekay Re Rolling Mills Pvt. Ltd. Pondy Metal & Rolling Mills Pvt. Ltd. Premier Ispat Ltd. Prestige Stocks & Bonds Ltd. Punj Brothers Ltd. Purvi Bharat Steels Ltd. R H L Profiles Ltd. R K K R Steels Ltd. R P G Transmission Ltd. R R Ispat Ltd. R S Corporation Ltd. R S L Industries Ltd. (Duplicate Name, Uttar Pradesh) Rathi Bars Ltd. Rathi Rajasthan Steel Mills Ltd. Rathi Steel & Power Ltd. Rathi Super Steel Ltd. Richardson & Cruddas Ltd. Rukma Industries Ltd. S K M Alloys Pvt. Ltd. S P S Steels Rolling Mills Ltd. Shimoga Steels Ltd. Shobhagya Steels Ltd. Shree Sanyeeji Ispat Ltd. Shree Sidhbali Steels Ltd. Shree Vaishnav Ispat Pvt. Ltd. Shri Bajrang Alloys Ltd. Shri Bhagavati Bright Bars Ltd. Shri Ramrupai Balaji Steels Ltd. Shri Rathi Steels Ltd. Sirhind Steel Ltd. Somani Swiss Inds. Ltd. Sonal Vyapar Ltd. Southern Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Sree Aravindh Steel Ltd. Supra Global Ltd. Suzlon Structures Ltd. Swetal Steel Inds. Pvt. Ltd. Tamil Nadu Small Inds. Corpn. Ltd. Testeels Ltd. Torus India Ltd. Trichy Steel Rolling Mills Ltd. Tungabhadra Steel Products Ltd. Unique Intercontinental Ltd. Upper India Steel Mfg. & Engg. Co. Ltd. Utkal Steels Ltd. V V S Alloys Ltd. Vaibhav Mercantile Ltd. Vijayaa Steels Ltd. Vinayak Steels Limited Vishwas Steels Ltd. Cost Estimation Capacity : 100 MT Steel Beam / day 75 MT Steel Channel / day 75 MT Steel Angels / day 50 MT Steel Bar / day